D语言数组允许定义类型的变量,可容纳同类但是结构体几个数据项,它允许结合不同类型的数据项提供另一种用户定义的数据类型。
结构用来表示一个记录,假设要跟踪图书馆中的书籍。可能希望跟踪了解每本书的以下属性:
书名
作者
科目
书籍编号ID
要定义一个结构,必须使用结构体struct语句。该结构语句定义了一个新的数据类型,项目不止一个成员。该结构语句的格式是这样的:
struct [structure tag] |
{ |
member definition; |
member definition; |
... |
member definition; |
} [one or more structure variables]; |
struct Books |
{ |
char [] title; |
char [] author; |
char [] subject; |
int book_id; |
}; |
要访问一个结构的任何成员,我们使用成员访问运算符(.)成员访问运算编码为结构体变量名,而我们希望访问结构成员之间的时间段。可以使用struct关键字来定义结构类型的变量。下面是例子来说明结构的用法:
import std.stdio; |
struct Books |
{ |
char [] title; |
char [] author; |
char [] subject; |
int book_id; |
}; |
void main( ) |
{ |
Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ |
Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */ |
/* book 1 specification */ |
Book1.title = "D Programming".dup; |
Book1.author = "Raj".dup; |
Book1.subject = "D Programming Tutorial".dup; |
Book1.book_id = 6495407; |
/* book 2 specification */ |
Book2.title = "Lua Programming".dup; |
Book2.author = "Raj".dup; |
Book2.subject = "Lua Programming Tutorial".dup; |
Book2.book_id = 6495700; |
/* print Book1 info */ |
writeln( "Book 1 title : ", Book1.title); |
writeln( "Book 1 author : ", Book1.author); |
writeln( "Book 1 subject : ", Book1.subject); |
writeln( "Book 1 book_id : ", Book1.book_id); |
/* print Book2 info */ |
writeln( "Book 2 title : ", Book2.title); |
writeln( "Book 2 author : ", Book2.author); |
writeln( "Book 2 subject : ", Book2.subject); |
writeln( "Book 2 book_id : ", Book2.book_id); |
} |
Book 1 title : D Programming Book 1 author : Raj Book 1 subject : D Programming Tutorial Book 1 book_id : 6495407 Book 2 title : Lua Programming Book 2 author : Raj Book 2 subject : Lua Programming Tutorial Book 2 book_id : 6495700
可以传递一个结构非常类似的方式函数作为参数传递任何其他变量或指针。访问在上面的例子已经使用类似的方式的结构变量:
import std.stdio; |
struct Books |
{ |
char [] title; |
char [] author; |
char [] subject; |
int book_id; |
}; |
void main( ) |
{ |
Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */ |
Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */ |
/* book 1 specification */ |
Book1.title = "D Programming".dup; |
Book1.author = "Raj".dup; |
Book1.subject = "D Programming Tutorial".dup; |
Book1.book_id = 6495407; |
/* book 2 specification */ |
Book2.title = "Lua Programming".dup; |
Book2.author = "Raj".dup; |
Book2.subject = "Lua Programming Tutorial".dup; |
Book2.book_id = 6495700; |
/* print Book1 info */ |
printBook( Book1 ); |
/* Print Book2 info */ |
printBook( Book2 ); |
} |
void printBook( Books book ) |
{ |
writeln( "Book title : ", book.title); |
writeln( "Book author : ", book.author); |
writeln( "Book subject : ", book.subject); |
writeln( "Book book_id : ", book.book_id); |
} |
Book title : D Programming Book author : Raj Book subject : D Programming Tutorial Book book_id : 6495407 Book title : Lua Programming Book author : Raj Book subject : Lua Programming Tutorial Book book_id : 6495700
结构可以有两种形式,可使用构造函数和其他使用{}格式进行初始化。一个例子如下所示。
import std.stdio; |
struct Books |
{ |
char [] title; |
char [] subject = "Empty".dup; |
int book_id = -1; |
char [] author = "Raj".dup; |
}; |
void main( ) |
{ |
Books Book1 = Books("D Programming".dup, "D Programming Tutorial".dup, 6495407 ); |
printBook( Book1 ); |
Books Book2 = Books("Lua Programming".dup, "Lua Programming Tutorial".dup, 6495407,"Raj".dup ); |
printBook( Book2 ); |
Books Book3 = {title:"Obj C programming".dup, book_id : 1001}; |
printBook( Book3 ); |
} |
void printBook( Books book ) |
{ |
writeln( "Book title : ", book.title); |
writeln( "Book author : ", book.author); |
writeln( "Book subject : ", book.subject); |
writeln( "Book book_id : ", book.book_id); |
} |
Book title : D Programming Book author : Raj Book subject : D Programming Tutorial Book book_id : 6495407 Book title : Lua Programming Book author : Raj Book subject : Lua Programming Tutorial Book book_id : 6495407 Book title : Obj C programming Book author : Raj Book subject : Empty Book book_id : 1001
静态变量初始化一次。例如有这本书唯一的ID,我们可以使book_id静态和递增书籍ID。一个例子如下所示。
import std.stdio; |
struct Books |
{ |
char [] title; |
char [] subject = "Empty".dup; |
int book_id; |
char [] author = "Raj".dup; |
static int id = 1000; |
}; |
void main( ) |
{ |
Books Book1 = Books("D Programming".dup, "D Programming Tutorial".dup,++Books.id ); |
printBook( Book1 ); |
Books Book2 = Books("Lua Programming".dup, "Lua Programming Tutorial".dup,++Books.id); |
printBook( Book2 ); |
Books Book3 = {title:"Obj C programming".dup, book_id:++Books.id}; |
printBook( Book3 ); |
} |
void printBook( Books book ) |
{ |
writeln( "Book title : ", book.title); |
writeln( "Book author : ", book.author); |
writeln( "Book subject : ", book.subject); |
writeln( "Book book_id : ", book.book_id); |
} |
Book title : D Programming Book author : Raj Book subject : D Programming Tutorial Book book_id : 1001 Book title : Lua Programming Book author : Raj Book subject : Lua Programming Tutorial Book book_id : 1002 Book title : Obj C programming Book author : Raj Book subject : Empty Book book_id : 1003